Philosophy

nstructions: Read the material in the text, The Story of Philosophy, entitled, "The Great Rationalists," pp. 84-99 and then answer the following questions. In each instance, give the answer supplied by our author, Magee (in your own words, of course) and then, whenever appropriate, as when Magee offers an opinion or an evaluation or a comment, rather than a fact, explain whether you agree or disagree with the opinion, evaluation or comment, giving, in each case, reasons for your response. (Note: In this module you may be required to seek information beyond the scope of your text. Do not hesitate to be inventive in your research but remember to cite your sources whenever you borrow information.) Whenever you mention a philosopher for the first time, include his or her dates (birth and death). Also, whenever you mention a philosophical term for the first time (terms such as rationalism, aesthetics, the dialectic, and so on) define that term. Most of the time the Penguin Dictionary of Philosophy can supply both dates and definitions. If you do not find the information in the Dictionary use the Internet. The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy is a good online source for such things. Of course, after consulting the dictionary, you must put the definition in your own words.)

1. Who is Descartes? Explain the theory of rationality based upon mathematics as proposed by Descartes. Why does Descartes dismiss the senses as the way to true and valid knowledge? What is the Malicious Demon Story and how does it fit into the theory of rationality proposed by Descartes? What is the Cartesian "Principle of Doubt"? Explain the origin of and the details behind "Cartesian Dualism."

2. Who is Spinoza? What problem does Spinoza spot with Cartesian dualism? How does he solve the problem and what does God have to do with that solution (if anything)? Explain.

3. Name some of the figures in history that have been influenced by Spinoza. Why do you suppose he has this widespread influence? After examining the philosophy of Descartes and Spinoza which one do you agree with? Explain why you hold this position.

4. Who is Leibniz? What is the difference between "analytic statements" and "synthetic statements" and why does that difference make a difference to philosophy (or does it?)?

5. What explanation does Leibniz offer for the existence of evil in a world created by a good and omnipotent God? (Hint: Work backward here, using Leibniz’s theory of alternate possible worlds as a starting point

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