Politics

instruction

 

 

 

The relationship between Immigration and Urbanization, Suburbanization, and

 

 

The format is usually a bibliographic essay; sources are briefly cited within the body of the essay, with full bibliographic citations at the end.

 

The introduction should define the topic and set the context for the literature review. It will include the author’s perspective or point of view on the topic, how they have defined the scope of the topic (including what’s not included), and how the review will be organized. It can point out overall trends, conflicts in methodology or conclusions, and gaps in the research.

 

Example of literature review according to professor

 

 

Abstract

The purpose of this literature is to grasp an understanding of the relationship between immigration and urbanization

 

Introduction

 

The contribution and advancement of Globalization has allowed for the urbanization of gateway cities

 

In the body of the review, the author should organize the research into major topics and subtopics. These groupings may be by subject, (e.g., globalization of clothing manufacturing), type of research (e.g., case studies), methodology (e.g., qualitative), genre, chronology, or other common characteristics. Within these groups the author can then discuss the merits of each article and provide analysis and comparison of the importance of each article to similar ones.

 

 

Gateway cities (TOPIC)

 

Curtis   2011 Global cities and the transformation of the International System

(These and all paragraphs on here  are MY words you can paraphrase the entire paragraph as he stated in the prompt as long as it flows our job is to make this paper flow)

Throughout the article reference is made to the international system or international relations theory. The theory explains the complexities of globalization and its relationship to the transformation of global cities. Historically cities have been the core source of socialism. In the article they are described as global cities because cities were in fact those in which economy stemmed from. The post industrial era was a cornerstone of the globalization of cities. In fact, this article defines the globalization of cities as global cities. The transformation or new development, construction and spatial territory of these global cities has helped increased capitalism.The Marxist cut as the author argues is essential to  the global economy. In these cities as the author describes “advanced producer services” are utilized. These services are essential to boosting and aiding the growth of the economy e.g public relations, real estate, and management, these services speak to preeminent corporations.

 

 

 

Metropolitan

 

Suburban

 

Segregation

 

This article expands on the segregation patterns in the metropolitan areas of the United States. Whether or not education and income have an effect on continuing separation of racial and ethnic groups is examined and determined based on data from five prime gateway cities. The cities include Los Angeles, San Francisco, Miami, Chicago, and New York/ New Jersey. In the new “melting pot” phenomenon a realization that segregation within the major gateway cities is discovered. These patterns of segregation are determined by many factors but those which the reading focuses on is the level of education and socioeconomic status. WIthin the gateway cities we see now a major flow of immigration. Less resistance is seen when groups hold similar status

or make the same amount of income. Furthermore, the reading asks two major questions: How does segregation vary by geography; across the urban core and surrounding suburbs? And How is segregation influenced by socioeconomic status? Research shows that economic advancement and integration are are going hand in hand. The higher education level one receives the easier it is to integrate among huge metropolitan areas like the aforementioned gateway cities, shown in the study. Table 1: Population Composition of the Large Immigrant Cities shows integration is easier as scales move from White/ Black integration to White/Asian integration and finally to White/Hispanic integration. In the New York/New Jersey area however, income matters slightly more than education. Overall, the income and education factor plays a major role in the integration of groups and immigrants within the metropolitan areas and contributes to the suburbanization of major rural areas.

 

 

 

 

The conclusion will summarize the main findings, make clear how this review of the literature supports (or not) the research to follow, and may point the direction for further research.

 

 

 

 

The list of references will include full citations for all of the items mentioned in the lit review.

 

Katz 2010 metropolitan geography

 

The history of immigration has changed, and immigrants are no longer arriving from Europe. Most are arriving from Asia and Latin America. In this article the authors addresses three issues through a case study in city of Philadelphia. The first is distribution of migrant populations within the limits of Philadelphia. Second is the growth of immigrant populations and how growth contributes to the overall population of specified districts and or municipalities. Third, the interaction of immigrants within the African American and native white populations. Reference is made to “The Age of Migration” by Stephen Castles and Mark J. Miller. These literatures helped expand and signiffy the patterns of settlement by immigrants. Scholars noted and were among the first to determine that immigrants tend to settle in suburbs They tend to settle in suburbs and take on segregation patterns like that of African Americans when they first migrated or in this case were forced to migrate. The reading links suburbanization with the economic globalization and the restructuring of urban space. Urban space was restructured during a peak period of the 1990s where immigration populations more than doubled since the Europeans escaped religious persecutions from the Soviet Union. Immigrant distribution differed between class, the affluent groups settled in the newer, well off suburbs, while the poor groups remained in the city and older suburbs. Population growth varied in specified districts, between older and newer municipalities, and bedroom developing or suburban job center categories. The foreign born population grew in all six categories, central city, stressed suburb, at risk developed suburb, at risk developing suburb, bedroom developing suburb, and suburban job center. Most of the foreign born settled in bedroom developing suburbs and suburban job centers, where the link between growth and interaction is made. After the growth of immigration populations coalesced African Americans became directly in contact with immigrants. They competed for jobs and and lived in the same area. Immigration has contributed to the process of urbanization but more specifically it has contributed to the growth of central cities and older suburban areas, where the majority of them settle.

 

Clark 2004 segregation patterns in gateway cities

 

This article expands on the segregation patterns in the metropolitan areas of the United States. Whether or not education and income have an effect on continuing separation of racial and ethnic groups is examined and determined based on data from five prime gateway cities. The cities include Los Angeles, San Francisco, Miami, Chicago, and New York/ New Jersey. In the new “melting pot” phenomenon a realization that segregation within the major gateway cities is discovered. These patterns of segregation are determined by many factors but those which the reading focuses on is the level of education and socioeconomic status. WIthin the gateway cities we see now a major flow of immigration. Less resistance is seen when groups hold similar status

or make the same amount of income. Furthermore, the reading asks two major questions: How does segregation vary by geography; across the urban core and surrounding suburbs? And How is segregation influenced by socioeconomic status? Research shows that economic advancement and integration are are going hand in hand. The higher education level one receives the easier it is to integrate among huge metropolitan areas like the aforementioned gateway cities, shown in the study. Table 1: Population Composition of the Large Immigrant Cities shows integration is easier as scales move from White/ Black integration to White/Asian integration and finally to White/Hispanic integration. In the New York/New Jersey area however, income matters slightly more than education. Overall, the income and education factor plays a major role in the integration of groups and immigrants within the metropolitan areas and contributes to the suburbanization of major rural areas.

 

Anrig, G., & Wang, T. (2006). State and Local Policy Responses to Immigration in Minnesota. “Immigration’s new frontiers: Experiences from the emerging gateway states.”(pp. 101-140). New York: Century Foundation Press.

In reference to chapter five the authors have pointed out the state and local policies which have been implemented in Minnesota regarding immigration. Minnesota has a high immigrant population mostly because of their policies and programs that have been previously put in practice to be more welcoming toward immigrants and refugees. The chapter introduces partisan views of immigration policy in Minnesota. After questioning Governor Pawlenty’s anti immigration strategies the Democrats and Republicans merged to support Minnesota’s DREAM Act in 2006. This lead to polarization between the native born and the foreign born. The support for undocumented people led to higher graduation rates in Hispanic, Somalis, and Hmongs from Thailand. These trends were supported my programs like English Language Learning (ELL), and Transitional Language Centers (TLC). Furthermore, the support for immigrants lead to many policies being put in place to help immigrants integrate effectively into the community. Another aspect of the policies related to Minnesota’s immigration population was the security issue. Contradictory to the support and funding for programs and schools to aid immigrants in sustaining in the community, the authors also mention the flaws within their policing institutions. Because most of those who take on higher positions are native born they are the most prone to react in an anti immigration sentiment. Racial profiling for example is an issue among the people of St. Paul a metropolitan city in Minnesota. Police officers have shown to only stop those who may look like they are foreign born versus those who are native born. These threats have forced immigrants to keep a low profile. Chapter five also touches upon the urbanization within metropolitan cities. The author says, in 2000, for the first time there were more immigrants living in Minnesota suburbs than in central cities. The statistic goes to show that the programs and policies which were supported by the D & R were proved to help Minnesota expand their territorial boundaries, disregarding their lack of housing.

 

Singer, A., Hardwick, S. W., & Brettell, C. B. (Eds.). (2008). Toward a Suburban Immigrant Nation. Twenty-first century gateways : immigrant incorporation in suburban america. Retrieved from https://ebookcentral.proquest.com

 

This article goes on to explain and analyze the suburbanization in modern time or the twenty first century. The first step was the creation of streetcar suburbs. These crossroads allowed for transportation outside of gateway cities. This allowed for recognition and immigrants who later became financially stable an opportunity to move. They moved because the central cities were often a home of first generation which was a low income housing region. The region consisted of low income families which were sometimes seen as ghetto. The  next step toward expansion was the usage of automobiles, during the twentieth century transportation became more popular and effective. Figure 21 represents the increase suburban growth related to the amount of registered vehicles. Residential expansion and commercial development are a main factor that contribute to suburbanization. In the 1960s most importantly a major contribution was the development of freeways, regional shopping malls, office and industrial parks. The development attracted many immigrants which resulted in an increase of residential housing. Today we see a trend within the younger and more creative population. The preference for condominiums instead of residential homes have asked for new construction in the rural areas, consequently allowing for suburbanization which also aids deforestation and desertification.

 

Rennie-Short, J. (2004). The super rich and the global city. Global metropolitan : globalizing cities in a capitalist world. Retrieved from https://ebookcentral.proquest.com

 

This book expands the definition of globalization within the country. It mentions the hierarchy of classes and the distribution of income. Historically there has always been a small group of wealthy elite and always the lower bracket of workers or proletariat. The researchers find an advantage of studying the lower class population to study the super rich which allow them to keep a live of lavish. Throughout the book the author determines that the elite tend to lean toward isolation. ALthough they call for global change as they benefit from the capitalist cut, they tend to shy from global cities. This allows for communities to keep living in the suburbs because of the wealthy. It contributes to stagnation within our community, making it fi for suburbanization to happen, but disallowing communities to proper.

 

 

Marrow, H. (2011). New destination dreaming : immigration, race, and legal status in the rural american south. Retrieved from https://ebookcentral.proquest.com

 

Throughout chapter one the author discusses the relationship between immigration and geography. She introduces the writings with a story of Silva a Puerto Rican immigrant who decided to settle in North Carolina. Silva has had the opportunity to live in urban regions like the two main gateway cities New York and California. Unlike other immigrants however she and her family suited better in North Carolina. This was due to personal preference, she described the overall state as being quite, educated, and quite stable for her daughters future even though the social tension and conservatives ideals may have excluded her from normally forming communal relationships. The chapter goes on to to explain how hispanic newcomers and natives interpreted the influence of the rural south on newcomers or immigrants. After conducting several interviews, the author notices a pattern of racial discrimination toward newcomers. Citizens who lived in rural areas were seen to have stronger anti sentiments to newcomers whereas those who previously lived in cosmopolitan areas tend to be more open minded. This was due to their lack of association with foreigners and primarily their history of segregation. In contrast, the author comes to a conclusion, after the conducted interviews, that the rural south offers an incentive for newcomers because of easier adaptability, due to smaller population size, and individuals being able to communicate more often than in gateway cities, where they do not tend to show as welcoming. Some interviewees however, argued the opposite stating the rural south waas stuck in their old ways. The rural south according to the authors is taking one step forward to embracing the prosperity of newcomers and allowing diversity to take a tranquil initiative.

 

Frey, W. H. (2014). Melting Pot Cities and Suburbs. (pp. 150-167).Diversity explosion : how new racial demographics are remaking america. Retrieved from https://ebookcentral.proquest.com

 

The aforementioned chapter explains the effects of diversity explosion within the largest metropolitan areas. First, the author describes the minority is now a majority concept. The population increase in many of these areas have skyrocketed. In suburban areas a 150% increase rate  of immigrants and Hispanics was shown between 2000 through 2010. The immigrant population tend to settle in gateway cities but we have seen a trend toward suburbanization. This trend is due to the expanding generation. Second, the author describes the dissemination of the role of native born individuals in the modern time frame. It appears that segregation has declined in several states cross country. The least segregated city Tucson ranked 37 where the most segregated Milwaukee ranked more than twice that of  82. The white population has since declined due to immigration. Another concept discussed in the reading is the concept or pattern of integration. Integration among Hispanics , Asians, and Africans vary according to geography (Graph 9-2, 9-3). Melting pot suburbs are key in this article. The continuation of suburbanization is growing, the black flight is increasing, and rural areas according to the mentioned graphs will continue to expand.

 

Castles, S., & Miller, M. (1993). The age of migration: International population movements in the modern world. New York: Guilford Press.

 

There are 2 series of major events that were described in the introduction of Castles reading.One is the revolt which happened in France in 2005 the population burned cars and there were many deaths the other is the United States in 2006. In both events the majority of protesters were young persons of migrant background, both citizens and non citizens. According to Castles “Due to international migration younger generations are much more diverse, these young people were protesting against their perception of being excluded from the societies in which they had grown up (and often been born). By contrast, some politicians and elements of the media claimed that immigrants were failing to integrate, were deliberately maintaining distinct cultures and religions, and had become a threat to security and social cohesion”. Who is the media to judge however, as many integration tests have been shown to work effectively within our student population. Another point the author brings up is the history of migration.The history of migration is an important point when understanding migration. There are certain major  migration events that contributed to the concept of migration and migration historian Robin Cohen describes them in the reading,.forced transportation of slaves -12 million, .rise of indentured labour from China, India, and Japan-1.5 mil in India alone, European expansion and the rise of the USA as an industrial power. Lastly vast pools of migrants immigrated after the Second World War when labor was needed to sustain booming port-war economies in Europe, North America, and Australia. In the reading we also come across general trends in contemporary migrations the globalization of migration, acceleration of migration, differentiation of migration , feminization of migration, politicization of migration and the proliferation of migration transition. Finally, the author mentions a section about International Migration in global governance. Here we witness efforts that have been made to enforce migration rights e.g The adoption of the 1990 Convention on the Rights of Migrant Workers and Their Families by the UN General Assembly.

 

 

Rennie-Short, J. (2004). The super rich and the global city. Global metropolitan : globalizing cities in a capitalist world. Retrieved from https://ebookcentral.proquest.com

 

This book expands the definition of globalization within the country. It mentions the hierarchy of classes and the distribution of income. Historically there has always been a small group of wealthy elite and always the lower bracket of workers or proletariat. The researchers find an advantage of studying the lower class population to study the super rich which allow them to keep a live of lavish. Throughout the book the author determines that the elite tend to lean toward isolation. ALthough they call for global change as they benefit from the capitalist cut, they tend to shy from global cities. This allows for communities to keep living in the suburbs because of the wealthy. It contributes to stagnation within our community, making it fi for suburbanization to happen, but disallowing communities to proper.

 

 

 

 

References

 

Castles, S., & Miller, M. (1993). The age of migration: International population movements in the modern world. New York: Guilford Press.

 

Katz, M., Creighton, M., Amsterdam, D., & Chowkwanyun, M. (2010). “Immigration and the New Metropolitan Geography”. Journal of Urban Affairs, 32(5), 523-547.

 

 

Clark, W., & Blue, S. (2004). “Race, Class, and Segregation Patterns in U.S. Immigrant Gateway Cities”. Urban Affairs Review, 39(6), 667-688.

 

 

Anrig, G., & Wang, T. (2006). State and Local Policy Responses to Immigration in Minnesota. “Immigration’s new frontiers: Experiences from the emerging gateway states.”(pp. 101-140). New York: Century Foundation Press.

Curtis, S. (2011). “Global cities and the transformation of the International System”. Review of International Studies, 37(4), 1923-1947.

 

 

Singer, A., Hardwick, S. W., & Brettell, C. B. (Eds.). (2008). Toward a Suburban Immigrant Nation. Twenty-first century gateways : immigrant incorporation in suburban america. Retrieved from https://ebookcentral.proquest.com

 

Rennie-Short, J. (2004). The super rich and the global city. Global metropolitan : globalizing cities in a capitalist world. Retrieved from https://ebookcentral.proquest.com

 

 

Frey, W. H. (2014). Melting Pot Cities and Suburbs. (pp. 150-167).Diversity explosion : how new racial demographics are remaking america. Retrieved from https://ebookcentral.proquest.com

 

Marrow, H. (2011). New destination dreaming : immigration, race, and legal status in the rural american south. Retrieved from https://ebookcentral.proquest.com

 

 

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