SCC300 Research Questions and Hypotheses for Course Project
Output from SPSS Analyses
RQ1: Do male and female college students define “hook up culture” differently? How so?
-Waiting for open-ended question to be coded to answer ?
H1: Male and female college students will differ in their (a) use of dating apps, (b) motives for using dating apps, (c) attitudes toward dating apps, and (d) attitudes toward hook up culture.
(H1a) Use of Dating Apps:
FYI: This is a Chi Square on “Have You Used a Dating App (Yes/No)” and Sex.
Crosstabs
Case Processing Summary
Cases
Valid Missing Total
N Percent N Percent N Percent
What is your sex? * Have you ever used a dating app? 558 88.2% 75 11.8% 633 100.0%
What is your sex? * Have you ever used a dating app? Crosstabulation
Have you ever used a dating app? Total
Yes No
What is your sex? Male Count 86 91 177
Expected Count 73.0 104.0 177.0
% within What is your sex? 48.6% 51.4% 100.0%
% within Have you ever used a dating app? 37.4% 27.7% 31.7%
% of Total 15.4% 16.3% 31.7%
Female Count 144 237 381
Expected Count 157.0 224.0 381.0
% within What is your sex? 37.8% 62.2% 100.0%
% within Have you ever used a dating app? 62.6% 72.3% 68.3%
% of Total 25.8% 42.5% 68.3%
Total Count 230 328 558
Expected Count 230.0 328.0 558.0
% within What is your sex? 41.2% 58.8% 100.0%
% within Have you ever used a dating app? 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%
% of Total 41.2% 58.8% 100.0%
Chi-Square Tests
Value df Asymp. Sig. (2-sided) Exact Sig. (2-sided) Exact Sig. (1-sided)
Pearson Chi-Square 5.810a 1 .016
Continuity Correctionb 5.373 1 .020
Likelihood Ratio 5.772 1 .016
Fisher’s Exact Test .017 .010
Linear-by-Linear Association 5.799 1 .016
N of Valid Cases 558
a. 0 cells (0.0%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is 72.96.
b. Computed only for a 2×2 table
(Hlb)Motives for Using Dating Apps:
Group Statistics
What is your sex? N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean
I have used or currently use dating apps to increase my self-esteem. Male 87 2.97 1.166 .125
Female 146 3.44 1.281 .106
I have used or currently use dating apps to potentially start a romantic relationship. Male 87 2.94 1.223 .131
Female 145 2.82 1.251 .104
I have used or currently use dating apps to potentially meet new friends. Male 87 2.61 1.165 .125
Female 145 2.48 1.236 .103
I have used or currently use dating apps to find sexual partners. Male 87 3.61 1.145 .123
Female 145 2.19 1.178 .098
(More from analysis on next page)
Independent Samples Test
Levene’s Test for Equality of Variances t-test for Equality of Means
F Sig. t df Sig. (2-tailed) Mean Difference Std. Error Difference 95% Confidence Interval of the Difference
Lower Upper
I have used or currently use dating apps to increase my self-esteem. Equal variances assumed 1.227 .269 -2.817 231 .005 -.473 .168 -.804 -.142
Equal variances not assumed -2.885 194.533 .004 -.473 .164 -.796 -.150
I have used or currently use dating apps to potentially start a romantic relationship. Equal variances assumed .826 .364 .724 230 .470 .122 .168 -.210 .453
Equal variances not assumed .728 184.405 .467 .122 .167 -.208 .452
I have used or currently use dating apps to potentially meet new friends. Equal variances assumed .443 .506 .812 230 .417 .133 .164 -.190 .457
Equal variances not assumed .825 189.774 .411 .133 .162 -.186 .452
I have used or currently use dating apps to find sexual partners. Equal variances assumed .119 .731 8.999 230 .000 1.423 .158 1.111 1.735
Equal variances not assumed 9.065 185.364 .000 1.423 .157 1.113 1.733
(H1c) Attitudes Toward Dating Apps
Group Statistics What is your sex? N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean
AttitudesTowardDatingApps_AVG Male 174 2.7391 .56790 .04305
Female 380 2.5311 .57731 .02962
Independent Samples Test
Levene’s Test for Equality of Variances t-test for Equality of Means
F Sig. t df Sig. (2-tailed) Mean Difference Std. Error Difference 95% Confidence Interval of the Difference
Lower Upper
AttitudesTowardDatingApps_AVG Equal variances assumed .612 .434 3.957 552 .000 .20803 .05258 .10476 .31130
Equal variances not assumed 3.981 340.643 .000 .20803 .05225 .10525 .31081
(H1d) Attitudes Toward Hook Up Culture
Group Statistics
What is your sex? N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean
AttitudesTowardHookUpCulture_AVG Male 170 3.2809 .47366 .03633
Female 362 2.9907 .42963 .02258
Independent Samples Test
Levene’s Test for Equality of Variances t-test for Equality of Means
F Sig. t df Sig. (2-tailed) Mean Difference Std. Error Difference 95% Confidence Interval of the Difference
Lower Upper
AttitudesTowardHookUpCulture_AVG Equal variances assumed 2.145 .144 7.028 530 .000 .29021 .04130 .20908 .37133
Equal variances not assumed 6.785 303.598 .000 .29021 .04277 .20603 .37438
RQ2: How is one’s class rank related to his or her attitude toward “hook up” culture?
Descriptives
AttitudesTowardHookUpCulture_AVG
N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error 95% Confidence Interval for Mean Minimum Maximum
Lower Bound Upper Bound
First Year 68 2.9982 .36555 .04433 2.9097 3.0866 2.25 4.00
Sophomore 109 3.0155 .42459 .04067 2.9349 3.0961 1.88 4.19
Junior 195 3.1298 .49188 .03522 3.0603 3.1993 1.75 4.38
Senior 141 3.1449 .49322 .04154 3.0628 3.2271 1.75 4.38
Graduate 25 2.9750 .38864 .07773 2.8146 3.1354 2.38 3.75
Total 538 3.0868 .46333 .01998 3.0475 3.1260 1.75 4.38
ANOVA
AttitudesTowardHookUpCulture_AVG
Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig.
Between Groups 2.239 4 .560 2.639 .033
Within Groups 113.042 533 .212
Total 115.281 537
(More from this analysis on next page)
Post Hoc Tests
Multiple Comparisons
Dependent Variable: AttitudesTowardHookUpCulture_AVG
Tukey HSD
(I) What is your academic standing? (J) What is your academic standing? Mean Difference (I-J) Std. Error Sig. 95% Confidence Interval
Lower Bound Upper Bound
First Year Sophomore -.01732 .07117 .999 -.2121 .1775
Junior -.13165 .06486 .253 -.3092 .0459
Senior -.14679 .06799 .197 -.3329 .0393
Graduate .02316 .10771 1.000 -.2717 .3180
Sophomore First Year .01732 .07117 .999 -.1775 .2121
Junior -.11433 .05508 .232 -.2651 .0364
Senior -.12947 .05874 .180 -.2902 .0313
Graduate .04048 .10212 .995 -.2390 .3200
Junior First Year .13165 .06486 .253 -.0459 .3092
Sophomore .11433 .05508 .232 -.0364 .2651
Senior -.01514 .05091 .998 -.1545 .1242
Graduate .15481 .09783 .509 -.1130 .4226
Senior First Year .14679 .06799 .197 -.0393 .3329
Sophomore .12947 .05874 .180 -.0313 .2902
Junior .01514 .05091 .998 -.1242 .1545
Graduate .16995 .09994 .434 -.1036 .4435
Graduate First Year -.02316 .10771 1.000 -.3180 .2717
Sophomore -.04048 .10212 .995 -.3200 .2390
Junior -.15481 .09783 .509 -.4226 .1130
Senior -.16995 .09994 .434 -.4435 .1036
Homogeneous Subsets
AttitudesTowardHookUpCulture_AVG
Tukey HSDa,b
What is your academic standing? N Subset for alpha = 0.05
1
Graduate 25 2.9750
First Year 68 2.9982
Sophomore 109 3.0155
Junior 195 3.1298
Senior 141 3.1449
Sig. .215
Means for groups in homogeneous subsets are displayed.
a. Uses Harmonic Mean Sample Size = 65.703.
b. The group sizes are unequal. The harmonic mean of the group sizes is used. Type I error levels are not guaranteed.
RQ3: How is one’s age related to his or her attitude toward “hook up” culture?
Correlations What is your Age (in years)? AttitudesTowardHookUpCulture_AVG
What is your Age (in years)? Pearson Correlation 1 .000
Sig. (2-tailed) .996
N 560 533
AttitudesTowardHookUpCulture_AVG Pearson Correlation .000 1
Sig. (2-tailed) .996
N 533 547
RQ4: What is the association of relationship status and attitude toward “hook up” culture?
Descriptives
AttitudesTowardHookUpCulture_AVG
N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error 95% Confidence Interval for Mean Minimum Maximum
Lower Bound Upper Bound
Single 311 3.0697 .46117 .02615 3.0183 3.1212 1.75 4.38
Casually Dating 79 3.1883 .42982 .04836 3.0920 3.2846 2.38 4.38
In a Committed Relationship 134 3.0863 .49164 .04247 3.0023 3.1703 1.75 4.38
Engaged 5 2.9250 .25541 .11422 2.6079 3.2421 2.63 3.31
Married 7 2.7679 .32014 .12100 2.4718 3.0639 2.44 3.25
Divorced 3 3.0208 .50130 .28943 1.7755 4.2661 2.50 3.50
Total 539 3.0857 .46359 .01997 3.0465 3.1249 1.75 4.38
ANOVA
AttitudesTowardHookUpCulture_AVG
Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig.
Between Groups 1.760 5 .352 1.647 .146
Within Groups 113.864 533 .214
Total 115.624 538
(No need for post hoc analyses)
H2: There is a negative relationship between use of dating apps and favorable views of traditional relationships.
Group Statistics
Have you ever used a dating app? N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean
AttitudesTowardTraditionalRelationships_WithoutRecode_AVG Yes 231 2.6364 .73928 .04864
No 326 2.8413 .70868 .03925
Independent Samples Test
Levene’s Test for Equality of Variances t-test for Equality of Means
F Sig. t df Sig. (2-tailed) Mean Difference Std. Error Difference 95% Confidence Interval of the Difference
Lower Upper
AttitudesTowardTraditionalRelationships_WithoutRecode_AVG Equal variances assumed .843 .359 -3.302 555 .001 -.20489 .06205 -.32678 -.08301
Equal variances not assumed -3.278 482.318 .001 -.20489 .06250 -.32770 -.08208
H3: There is a positive relationship between the use of dating apps and favorable attitudes toward hook up culture.
Group Statistics
Have you ever used a dating app? N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean
AttitudesTowardHookUpCulture_AVG Yes 225 3.2017 .44909 .02994
No 314 3.0038 .45707 .02579
Independent Samples Test
Levene’s Test for Equality of Variances t-test for Equality of Means
F Sig. t df Sig. (2-tailed) Mean Difference Std. Error Difference 95% Confidence Interval of the Difference
Lower Upper
AttitudesTowardHookUpCulture_AVG Equal variances assumed .375 .541 4.993 537 .000 .19788 .03963 .12003 .27574
Equal variances not assumed 5.007 487.661 .000 .19788 .03952 .12024 .27553
H4: Individuals with higher communication apprehension will have more positive attitudes about dating apps.
Correlations
ComApp_
Groups ComApp_
Meetings ComApp_
Interpersonal ComApp_
PublicSpeaking ComApp_Total AttitudesTowardDatingApps_WithoutRecode_AVG
ComApp_Groups Pearson Correlation 1 .798** .666** .527** .890** -.096*
Sig. (2-tailed) .000 .000 .000 .000 .024
N 621 602 601 607 578 555
ComApp_Meetings Pearson Correlation .798** 1 .705** .626** .921** -.099*
Sig. (2-tailed) .000 .000 .000 .000 .020
N 602 611 596 599 578 546
ComApp_Interpersonal Pearson Correlation .666** .705** 1 .550** .850** -.096*
Sig. (2-tailed) .000 .000 .000 .000 .025
N 601 596 610 600 578 545
ComApp_PublicSpeaking Pearson Correlation .527** .626** .550** 1 .757** -.023
Sig. (2-tailed) .000 .000 .000 .000 .589
N 607 599 600 617 578 553
ComApp_Total Pearson Correlation .890** .921** .850** .757** 1 -.090*
Sig. (2-tailed) .000 .000 .000 .000 .040
N 578 578 578 578 578 516
AttitudesTowardDatingApps_WithoutRecode_AVG Pearson Correlation -.096* -.099* -.096* -.023 -.090* 1
Sig. (2-tailed) .024 .020 .025 .589 .040
N 555 546 545 553 516 564
H5: Individuals with lower self-esteem will have more positive attitudes about dating apps.
Correlations
AttitudesTowardDatingApps_WithoutRecode_AVG SelfEsteemAVG
AttitudesTowardDatingApps_WithoutRecode_AVG Pearson Correlation 1 .040
Sig. (2-tailed) .346
N 564 555
SelfEsteemAVG Pearson Correlation .040 1
Sig. (2-tailed) .346
N 555 620
RQ6: What is the association between an individual’s communication apprehension and motives for using dating apps?
Correlations
I have used or currently use dating apps to increase my self-esteem. I have used or currently use dating apps to potentially start a romantic relationship. I have used or currently use dating apps to potentially meet new friends. I have used or currently use dating apps to find sexual partners. ComApp_Total
I have used or currently use dating apps to increase my self-esteem. Pearson Correlation 1 .209** .119 -.080 -.136*
Sig. (2-tailed) .001 .070 .221 .047
N 234 233 233 233 216
I have used or currently use dating apps to potentially start a romantic relationship. Pearson Correlation .209** 1 .356** .254** -.101
Sig. (2-tailed) .001 .000 .000 .142
N 233 233 232 232 215
I have used or currently use dating apps to potentially meet new friends. Pearson Correlation .119 .356** 1 .204** -.191**
Sig. (2-tailed) .070 .000 .002 .005
N 233 232 233 233 215
I have used or currently use dating apps to find sexual partners. Pearson Correlation -.080 .254** .204** 1 .049
Sig. (2-tailed) .221 .000 .002 .475
N 233 232 233 234 216
ComApp_Total Pearson Correlation -.136* -.101 -.191** .049 1
Sig. (2-tailed) .047 .142 .005 .475
N 216 215 215 216 578
RQ7: What is the association between an individual’s self esteem and motives for using dating apps?
Correlations
I have used or currently use dating apps to increase my self-esteem. I have used or currently use dating apps to potentially start a romantic relationship. I have used or currently use dating apps to potentially meet new friends. I have used or currently use dating apps to find sexual partners. SelfEsteemAVG
I have used or currently use dating apps to increase my self-esteem. Pearson Correlation 1 .209** .119 -.080 .183**
Sig. (2-tailed) .001 .070 .221 .005
N 234 233 233 233 230
I have used or currently use dating apps to potentially start a romantic relationship. Pearson Correlation .209** 1 .356** .254** .063
Sig. (2-tailed) .001 .000 .000 .346
N 233 233 232 232 229
I have used or currently use dating apps to potentially meet new friends. Pearson Correlation .119 .356** 1 .204** .116
Sig. (2-tailed) .070 .000 .002 .081
N 233 232 233 233 229
I have used or currently use dating apps to find sexual partners. Pearson Correlation -.080 .254** .204** 1 -.035
Sig. (2-tailed) .221 .000 .002 .597
N 233 232 233 234 230
SelfEsteemAVG Pearson Correlation .183** .063 .116 -.035 1
Sig. (2-tailed) .005 .346 .081 .597
N 230 229 229 230 620
Demographics (Who was in our sample):
Descriptive Statistics
N Minimum Maximum Mean Std. Deviation
What is your Age (in years)? 558 18 57 20.80 2.625
Valid N (listwise) 558
What is your sex?
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent
Valid Male 178 28.2 31.9 31.9
Female 380 60.2 68.1 100.0
Total 558 88.4 100.0
Missing System 73 11.6
Total 631 100.0
What is your academic standing?
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent
Valid First Year 70 11.1 12.4 12.4
Sophomore 115 18.2 20.4 32.7
Junior 207 32.8 36.6 69.4
Senior 147 23.3 26.0 95.4
Graduate 26 4.1 4.6 100.0
Total 565 89.5 100.0
Missing System 66 10.5
Total 631 100.0
What is your Ethnicity?
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent
Valid Asian/Pacific Islander 67 10.6 12.2 12.2
Black/African-American 10 1.6 1.8 14.1
Hispanic/Latino 45 7.1 8.2 22.3
Native American 4 .6 .7 23.0
White/Caucasian 405 64.2 74.0 97.1
Middle Eastern 16 2.5 2.9 100.0
Total 547 86.7 100.0
Missing System 84 13.3
Total 631 100.0
What is your current relationship status?
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent
Valid Single 321 50.9 57.0 57.0
Casually Dating 82 13.0 14.6 71.6
In a Committed Relationship 145 23.0 25.8 97.3
Engaged 5 .8 .9 98.2
Married 7 1.1 1.2 99.5
Divorced 3 .5 .5 100.0
Total 563 89.2 100.0
Missing System 68 10.8
Total 631 100.0
What is your sexual preference?
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent
Valid Heterosexual 522 82.7 93.4 93.4
Homosexual 14 2.2 2.5 95.9
Bisexual 15 2.4 2.7 98.6
Questioning 8 1.3 1.4 100.0
Total 559 88.6 100.0
Missing System 72 11.4
Total 631 100.0